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{{ModelTemplate}}
{{ModelInfoTemplate
{{ModelInfoTemplate
|Name=IMAGE framework
|Name=IMAGE framework
|Version=3.0
|Version=3.0
|Country=Netherlands
|ModelLink=https://models.pbl.nl/image
|Institution=PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
|participation=full
|processState=published
}}
{{InstitutionTemplate
|abbr=PBL
|institution=PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
|link=https://www.pbl.nl/en
|country=Netherlands
}}
}}
{{ScopeMethodTemplate
{{ScopeMethodTemplate
|ModelTypeOption=Integrated assessment model
|GeographicalScopeOption=Global
|Objective=IMAGE is an ecological-environmental model framework that simulates the environmental consequences of human activities worldwide. The objective of the IMAGE model is to explore the long- term dynamics and impacts of global changes that result. More specifically, the model aims  
|Objective=IMAGE is an ecological-environmental model framework that simulates the environmental consequences of human activities worldwide. The objective of the IMAGE model is to explore the long- term dynamics and impacts of global changes that result. More specifically, the model aims  
# to analyse interactions between human development and the natural environment to gain better insight into the processes of global environmental change;  
# to analyse interactions between human development and the natural environment to gain better insight into the processes of global environmental change;  
# to identify response strategies to global environmental change based on assessment of options and  
# to identify response strategies to global environmental change based on assessment of options and  
# to indicate key inter-linkages and associated levels of uncertainty in processes of global environmental change.
# to indicate key inter-linkages and associated levels of uncertainty in processes of global environmental change.
|Concept=The IMAGE framework can best be described as a geographically explicit assessment, integrated assessment simulation model, focusing a detailed representation of relevant processes with respect to human use of energy, land and water in relation to relevant environmental processes.
|SolutionConceptOption=Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
|SolutionMethod=Recursive dynamic solution method
|SolutionHorizonOption=Recursive dynamic (myopic)
|SolutionMethodOption=Simulation
|Anticipation=Simulation modelling framework, without foresight. However, a simplified version of the energy/climate part of the model (called FAIR) can be run prior to running the framework to obtain data for climate policy simulations.
|Anticipation=Simulation modelling framework, without foresight. However, a simplified version of the energy/climate part of the model (called FAIR) can be run prior to running the framework to obtain data for climate policy simulations.
|BaseYear=1970
|BaseYear=1970
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|Nr=26
|Nr=26
|Region=Canada; USA; Mexico; Rest of Central America; Brazil; Rest of South America; Northern Africa; Western Africa; Eastern Africa; South Africa; Western Europe; Central Europe; Turkey; Ukraine +; Asian-Stan; Russia +; Middle East; India +; Korea; China +; Southeastern Asia; Indonesia +; Japan; Oceania; Rest of South Asia; Rest of Southern Africa;
|Region=Canada; USA; Mexico; Rest of Central America; Brazil; Rest of South America; Northern Africa; Western Africa; Eastern Africa; South Africa; Western Europe; Central Europe; Turkey; Ukraine +; Asian-Stan; Russia +; Middle East; India +; Korea; China +; Southeastern Asia; Indonesia +; Japan; Oceania; Rest of South Asia; Rest of Southern Africa;
|TimeDiscountingTypeOption=Discount rate exogenous
|PoliciesOption=Emission tax; Emission pricing; Cap and trade; Fuel taxes; Portfolio standard; Capacity targets; Emission standards; Energy efficiency standards; Land protection; Pricing carbon stocks
|PolicyImplementation=Key areas where policy responses can be introduced in the model are:
|PolicyImplementation=Key areas where policy responses can be introduced in the model are:


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}}
}}
{{Socio-economicTemplate
{{Socio-economicTemplate
|PopulationOption=Yes (exogenous)
|UrbanizationRateOption=Yes (exogenous)
|GDPOption=Yes (exogenous)
|IncomeDistributionOption=Yes (exogenous)
|AutonomousEnergyEfficiencyImprovementsOption=Yes (exogenous)
|ExogenousDriverOption=Exogenous GDP; GDP per capita
|ExogenousDriverOption=Exogenous GDP; GDP per capita
|EndogenousDriver=Energy demand; Renewable price; Fossil fuel prices; Carbon prices; Technology progress; Energy intensity; Preferences; Learning by doing; Agricultural demand; Population; Value added;
|EndogenousDriver=Energy demand; Renewable price; Fossil fuel prices; Carbon prices; Technology progress; Energy intensity; Preferences; Learning by doing; Agricultural demand; Population; Value added;
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}}
}}
{{Macro-economyTemplate
{{Macro-economyTemplate
|EconomicSectorText=No explicit economy representation in monetary units. Explicit economy representation in terms of energy is modelled (for the agriculture, industry, energy, transport and built environment sectors)
|CostMeasureOption=Area under MAC; Energy system costs
|TradeOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Uranium; Bioenergy crops; Food crops; Emissions permits; Non-energy goods
|TradeOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Uranium; Bioenergy crops; Food crops; Emissions permits; Non-energy goods
|Trade=Bioenergy products; Livestock products;
|CostMeasureOption=Area under MAC
|CategorizationByGroupOption=Income; Urban - rural; Technology adoption
|InstitutionalAndPoliticalFactorsOption=Early retirement of capital allowed; Technology costs differentiated by country/region; Behavioural change differentiated by country/region
|CoalRUOption=Yes (supply curve)
|ConventionalOilRUOption=Yes (supply curve)
|UnconventionalOilRUOption=Yes (supply curve)
|ConventionalGasRUOption=Yes (supply curve)
|UnconventionalGasRUOption=Yes (supply curve)
|UraniumRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|BioenergyRUOption=Yes (process model)
|WaterRUOption=Yes (process model)
|RawMaterialsRUOption=Yes (process model)
|LandRUOption=Yes (supply curve)
|IndustryESOption=Yes (physical & economic)
|EnergyESOption=Yes (physical & economic)
|TransportationESOption=Yes (physical & economic)
|ResidentialAndCommercialESOption=Yes (economic)
|AgricultureESOption=Yes (physical & economic)
|ForestryESOption=Yes (physical & economic)
|EnergyEnd-useTCOption=Endogenous technological change
|MaterialUseTCOption=Exogenous technological change
|AgricultureTCOption=Exogenous technological change
}}
}}
{{EnergyTemplate
{{EnergyTemplate
|Behaviour=In the energy model, substitution among technologies is described in the model using the multinomial logit formulation. The multinomial logit model implies that the market share of a certain technology or fuel type depends on costs relative to competing technologies. The option with the lowest costs gets the largest market share, but in most cases not the full market. We interpret the latter as a  representation of heterogeneity in the form of specific market niches for every technology or fuel.
|Behaviour=In the energy model, substitution among technologies is described in the model using the multinomial logit formulation. The multinomial logit model implies that the market share of a certain technology or fuel type depends on costs relative to competing technologies. The option with the lowest costs gets the largest market share, but in most cases not the full market. We interpret the latter as a  representation of heterogeneity in the form of specific market niches for every technology or fuel.
|ResourceUseOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Uranium; Biomass
|EnergyTechnologyChoiceOption=Logit choice model
|ResourceUseText=Distinction between traditional and modern biomass
|EnergyTechnologySubstitutabilityOption=Mostly high substitutability
|ElectricityTechnologyOption=Coal; Gas; Oil; Nuclear; Biomass; Wind; Solar PV; CSS
|EnergyTechnologyDeploymentOption=Expansion and decline constraints; System integration constraints
|ElectricityTechnology=CSP;
|ElectricityTechnologyOption=Coal w/o CCS; Coal w/ CCS; Gas w/o CCS; Gas w/ CCS; Oil w/o CCS; Oil w/ CCS; Bioenergy w/o CCS; Bioenergy w/ CCS; Geothermal power; Nuclear power; Solar power; Solar power-central PV; Solar power-CSP; Wind power; Wind power-onshore; Wind power-offshore; Hydroelectric power
|ElectricityTechnologyText=wind: offshore;  
|HydrogenProductionOption=Electrolysis; Coal to hydrogen w/o CCS; Coal to hydrogen w/ CCS; Natural gas to hydrogen w/o CCS; Natural gas to hydrogen w/ CCS; Oil to hydrogen w/o CCS; Oil to hydrogen w/ CCS; Biomass to hydrogen w/o CCS; Biomass to hydrogen w/ CCS; Solar thermochemical hydrogen
<br/>
|RefinedLiquidsOption=Bioliquids w/o CCS; Bioliquids w/ CCS; Oil refining
coal: conventional, IGCC, IGCC + CCS, IGCC + CHP, IGCC + CHP + CCS;  
|RefinedGasesOption=Biomass to gas w/o CCS; Biomass to gas w/ CCS
<br/>
|HeatGenerationOption=CHP (coupled heat and power); Coal heat; Natural gas heat; Oil heat; Biomass heat; Geothermal heat
oil: conventional, OGCC, OGCC + CCS, OGCC + CHP, OGCC + CHP + CCS);  
|HeatGenerationText=CHP also has a CCS option
<br/>
|ElectricityGIOption=Yes (aggregate)
natural gas: conventional, CC, CC + CCS, CC + CHP, CC + CHP + CCS;
|GasGIOption=Yes (aggregate)
<br/>
|CO2GIOption=Yes (aggregate)
biomass: conventional, CC, CC + CCS, CC + CHP, CC + CHP + CCS
|HydrogenGIOption=Yes (aggregate)
|ConversionTechnologyOption=CHP; Hydrogen
|PassengerTransportationOption=Buses; Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs); Electric LDVs; Hydrogen LDVs; Hybrid LDVs; Gasoline LDVs; Diesel LDVs; Passenger trains; Passenger aircrafts
|GridInfrastructureOption=Electricity; H2
|FreightTransportationOption=Freight trains; Heavy duty vehicles; Freight aircrafts; Freight ships
|IndustryOption=Steel production; Cement production; Plastics production
|ResidentialAndCommercialOption=Cooking; Refrigeration; Washing; Lighting; Space heating; Space cooling
|ResourceUseOption=Coal; Conventional Oil; Unconventional Oil; Conventional Gas; Unconventional Gas; Uranium; Bioenergy; Water; Raw Materials; Land
|GridInfrastructureOption=Electricity; Gas; CO2; Hydrogen
|SubstitutabilityOption=Mixed high and low substitutability
|TechnologySubstitutionOption=Discrete technology choices; Expansion and decline constraints; System integration constraints
|TechnologySubstitutionOption=Discrete technology choices; Expansion and decline constraints; System integration constraints
|EnergyServiceSectorOption=Transportation; Industry; Residential and commercial
}}
}}
{{Land-useOtherResourcesTemplate
{{Land-useTemplate
|LandCoverOption=Cropland; Forest; Pasture; Shrubland; Cropland irrigated; Cropland food crops; Cropland feed crops; Cropland energy crops; Managed forest; Natural forest; Built-up area
|AgricultureAndForestryDemandsOption=Agriculture food; Agriculture food crops; Agriculture food livestock; Agriculture feed crops; Agriculture feed livestock; Agriculture non-food; Agriculture non-food crops; Agriculture non-food livestock; Agriculture bioenergy; Agriculture residues; Forest industrial roundwood; Forest fuelwood; Forest residues
|AgriculturalCommoditiesOption=Wheat; Rice; Oilseeds; Other coarse grains; Sugar crops; Ruminant meat; Non-ruminant meat and eggs; Dairy products
|Land-use=Forest; Cropland; Grassland; Abandoned land; Protected land;
|Land-use=Forest; Cropland; Grassland; Abandoned land; Protected land;
|OtherResourceOption=Water; Metals; Cement
}}
}}
{{EmissionClimateTemplate
{{EmissionClimateTemplate
|GHGOption=CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; CFCs; SFs
|GHGOption=HFCs; CFCs; SF6; PFCs; CO2 fossil fuels; CO2 cement; CO2 land use; CH4 energy; CH4 land use; CH4 other; N2O energy; N2O land use; N2O other
|PollutantOption=NOx; SOx; BC; OC; Ozone
|PollutantOption=CO energy; CO land use; CO other; NOx energy; NOx land use; NOx other; VOC energy; VOC land use; VOC other; SO2 energy; SO2 land use; SO2 other; BC energy; BC land use; BC other; OC energy; OC land use; OC other; NH3 energy; NH3 land use; NH3 other
|Pollutant=VOC; NH3; CO;
|ClimateIndicatorOption=Temperature change; Concentration: CO2; Concentration: CH4; Concentration: N2O; Concentration: Kyoto gases; Radiative forcing: CO2; Radiative forcing: CH4; Radiative forcing: N2O; Radiative forcing: F-gases; Radiative forcing: Kyoto gases; Radiative forcing: aerosols; Radiative forcing: land albedo; Radiative forcing: AN3A; Radiative forcing: total; Sea level rise
|ClimateIndicatorOption=CO2e concentration (ppm); Radiative Forcing (Wm<sup>2</sup> ); Temperature change (C°)
|CarbonDioxideRemovalOption=Bioenergy with CCS; Reforestation; Afforestation
|ClimateChangeImpactsOption=Agriculture; Inequality; Energy supply; Energy demand
|Co-LinkagesOption=Biodiversity; Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region); Energy access: Household energy consumption; Air pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissions; Air pollution & health: Health impacts of air Pollution
}}
}}
[[Category:Model]]

Latest revision as of 11:47, 23 June 2022

The reference card is a clearly defined description of model features. The numerous options have been organized into a limited amount of default and model specific (non default) options. In addition some features are described by a short clarifying text.

Legend:

  • not implemented
  • implemented
  • implemented (not default option)

A page refresh may be needed after modifying data.


About

Name and version

IMAGE framework 3.0

Model link

https://models.pbl.nl/image

Institution

PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Netherlands, https://www.pbl.nl/en.

Documentation

IMAGE documentation consists of a referencecard and detailed model documentation

Process state

published



Model scope and methods

Model documentation: Model_scope_and_methods - IMAGE

Model type

  • Integrated assessment model
  • Energy system model
  • CGE
  • CBA-integrated assessment model

Geographical scope

  • Global
  • Regional

Objective

IMAGE is an ecological-environmental model framework that simulates the environmental consequences of human activities worldwide. The objective of the IMAGE model is to explore the long- term dynamics and impacts of global changes that result. More specifically, the model aims

  1. to analyse interactions between human development and the natural environment to gain better insight into the processes of global environmental change;
  2. to identify response strategies to global environmental change based on assessment of options and
  3. to indicate key inter-linkages and associated levels of uncertainty in processes of global environmental change.

Solution concept

  • Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
  • Partial equilibrium (fixed demand)
  • General equilibrium (closed economy)

Solution horizon

  • Recursive dynamic (myopic)
  • Intertemporal optimization (foresight)

Solution method

  • Simulation
  • Optimization

Anticipation

Simulation modelling framework, without foresight. However, a simplified version of the energy/climate part of the model (called FAIR) can be run prior to running the framework to obtain data for climate policy simulations.

Temporal dimension

Base year:1970, time steps:1-5 year time step, horizon: 2100

Spatial dimension

Number of regions:26

  1. Canada
  2. USA
  3. Mexico
  4. Rest of Central America
  5. Brazil
  6. Rest of South America
  7. Northern Africa
  8. Western Africa
  9. Eastern Africa
  10. South Africa
  11. Western Europe
  12. Central Europe
  13. Turkey
  14. Ukraine +
  15. Asian-Stan
  16. Russia +
  17. Middle East
  18. India +
  19. Korea
  20. China +
  21. Southeastern Asia
  22. Indonesia +
  23. Japan
  24. Oceania
  25. Rest of South Asia
  26. Rest of Southern Africa

Time discounting type

  • Discount rate exogenous
  • Discount rate endogenous

Policies

  • Emission tax
  • Emission pricing
  • Cap and trade
  • Fuel taxes
  • Fuel subsidies
  • Feed-in-tariff
  • Portfolio standard
  • Capacity targets
  • Emission standards
  • Energy efficiency standards
  • Agricultural producer subsidies
  • Agricultural consumer subsidies
  • Land protection
  • Pricing carbon stocks


Socio-economic drivers

Model documentation: Socio-economic drivers - IMAGE

Population

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Population age structure

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Education level

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Urbanization rate

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

GDP

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Income distribution

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Employment rate

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Labor productivity

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Total factor productivity

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Autonomous energy efficiency improvements

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)



Macro-economy

Model documentation: Macro-economy - IMAGE

Economic sector

Industry

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Energy

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Transportation

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Residential and commercial

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Agriculture

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Forestry

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)


Macro-economy

Trade

  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Gas
  • Uranium
  • Electricity
  • Bioenergy crops
  • Food crops
  • Capital
  • Emissions permits
  • Non-energy goods

Cost measures

  • GDP loss
  • Welfare loss
  • Consumption loss
  • Area under MAC
  • Energy system cost mark-up

Categorization by group

  • Income
  • Urban - rural
  • Technology adoption
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Education level
  • Household size

Institutional and political factors

  • Early retirement of capital allowed
  • Interest rates differentiated by country/region
  • Regional risk factors included
  • Technology costs differentiated by country/region
  • Technological change differentiated by country/region
  • Behavioural change differentiated by country/region
  • Constraints on cross country financial transfers

Resource use

Coal

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Conventional Oil

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Unconventional Oil

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Conventional Gas

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Unconventional Gas

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Uranium

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Bioenergy

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Water

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Raw Materials

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Land

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)


Technological change

Energy conversion technologies

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Energy End-use

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Material Use

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Agriculture (tc)

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change



Energy

Model documentation: Energy - IMAGE

Behaviour

In the energy model, substitution among technologies is described in the model using the multinomial logit formulation. The multinomial logit model implies that the market share of a certain technology or fuel type depends on costs relative to competing technologies. The option with the lowest costs gets the largest market share, but in most cases not the full market. We interpret the latter as a representation of heterogeneity in the form of specific market niches for every technology or fuel.

Energy technology substitution

Energy technology choice

  • No discrete technology choices
  • Logit choice model
  • Production function
  • Linear choice (lowest cost)
  • Lowest cost with adjustment penalties

Energy technology substitutability

  • Mostly high substitutability
  • Mostly low substitutability
  • Mixed high and low substitutability

Energy technology deployment

  • Expansion and decline constraints
  • System integration constraints

Energy

Electricity technologies

  • Coal w/o CCS
  • Coal w/ CCS
  • Gas w/o CCS
  • Gas w/ CCS
  • Oil w/o CCS
  • Oil w/ CCS
  • Bioenergy w/o CCS
  • Bioenergy w/ CCS
  • Geothermal power
  • Nuclear power
  • Solar power
  • Solar power-central PV
  • Solar power-distributed PV
  • Solar power-CSP
  • Wind power
  • Wind power-onshore
  • Wind power-offshore
  • Hydroelectric power
  • Ocean power

Hydrogen production

  • Coal to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Coal to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Natural gas to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Natural gas to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Oil to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Oil to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Biomass to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Biomass to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Nuclear thermochemical hydrogen
  • Solar thermochemical hydrogen
  • Electrolysis

Refined liquids

  • Coal to liquids w/o CCS
  • Coal to liquids w/ CCS
  • Gas to liquids w/o CCS
  • Gas to liquids w/ CCS
  • Bioliquids w/o CCS
  • Bioliquids w/ CCS
  • Oil refining

Refined gases

  • Coal to gas w/o CCS
  • Coal to gas w/ CCS
  • Oil to gas w/o CCS
  • Oil to gas w/ CCS
  • Biomass to gas w/o CCS
  • Biomass to gas w/ CCS

Heat generation

  • Coal heat
  • Natural gas heat
  • Oil heat
  • Biomass heat
  • Geothermal heat
  • Solarthermal heat
  • CHP (coupled heat and power)

Note: CHP also has a CCS option

Grid Infra Structure

Electricity

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Gas

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Heat

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

CO2

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Hydrogen

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)


Energy end-use technologies

Passenger transportation

  • Passenger trains
  • Buses
  • Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs)
  • Electric LDVs
  • Hydrogen LDVs
  • Hybrid LDVs
  • Gasoline LDVs
  • Diesel LDVs
  • Passenger aircrafts

Freight transportation

  • Freight trains
  • Heavy duty vehicles
  • Freight aircrafts
  • Freight ships

Industry

  • Steel production
  • Aluminium production
  • Cement production
  • Petrochemical production
  • Paper production
  • Plastics production
  • Pulp production

Residential and commercial

  • Space heating
  • Space cooling
  • Cooking
  • Refrigeration
  • Washing
  • Lighting


Land-use

Model documentation: Land-use - IMAGE

Land cover

  • Cropland
  • Cropland irrigated
  • Cropland food crops
  • Cropland feed crops
  • Cropland energy crops
  • Forest
  • Managed forest
  • Natural forest
  • Pasture
  • Shrubland
  • Built-up area

Agriculture and forestry demands

  • Agriculture food
  • Agriculture food crops
  • Agriculture food livestock
  • Agriculture feed
  • Agriculture feed crops
  • Agriculture feed livestock
  • Agriculture non-food
  • Agriculture non-food crops
  • Agriculture non-food livestock
  • Agriculture bioenergy
  • Agriculture residues
  • Forest industrial roundwood
  • Forest fuelwood
  • Forest residues

Agricultural commodities

  • Wheat
  • Rice
  • Other coarse grains
  • Oilseeds
  • Sugar crops
  • Ruminant meat
  • Non-ruminant meat and eggs
  • Dairy products



Emission, climate and impacts

Model documentation: Emissions - IMAGE, Climate - IMAGE, Non-climate sustainability dimension - IMAGE

Greenhouse gases

  • CO2 fossil fuels
  • CO2 cement
  • CO2 land use
  • CH4 energy
  • CH4 land use
  • CH4 other
  • N2O energy
  • N2O land use
  • N2O other
  • CFCs
  • HFCs
  • SF6
  • PFCs

Pollutants

  • CO energy
  • CO land use
  • CO other
  • NOx energy
  • NOx land use
  • NOx other
  • VOC energy
  • VOC land use
  • VOC other
  • SO2 energy
  • SO2 land use
  • SO2 other
  • BC energy
  • BC land use
  • BC other
  • OC energy
  • OC land use
  • OC other
  • NH3 energy
  • NH3 land use
  • NH3 other

Climate indicators

  • Concentration: CO2
  • Concentration: CH4
  • Concentration: N2O
  • Concentration: Kyoto gases
  • Radiative forcing: CO2
  • Radiative forcing: CH4
  • Radiative forcing: N2O
  • Radiative forcing: F-gases
  • Radiative forcing: Kyoto gases
  • Radiative forcing: aerosols
  • Radiative forcing: land albedo
  • Radiative forcing: AN3A
  • Radiative forcing: total
  • Temperature change
  • Sea level rise
  • Ocean acidification

Carbon dioxide removal

  • Bioenergy with CCS
  • Reforestation
  • Afforestation
  • Soil carbon enhancement
  • Direct air capture
  • Enhanced weathering

Climate change impacts

  • Agriculture
  • Energy supply
  • Energy demand
  • Economic output
  • Built capital
  • Inequality

Co-Linkages

  • Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region)
  • Energy access: Household energy consumption
  • Air pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissions
  • Air pollution & health: Health impacts of air Pollution
  • Food access
  • Water availability
  • Biodiversity
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