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{{ModelTemplate}}
{{ModelInfoTemplate
|Name=GEM-E3
|Version=_092019
|ModelLink=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/strategies/analysis/models/docs/gem_e3_long_en.pdf
|participation=full
|processState=published
}}
{{InstitutionTemplate
|abbr=ICCS
|institution=Institute of Communication And Computer Systems
|link=https://www.iccs.gr/en/
|country=Greece
}}
{{ScopeMethodTemplate
|ModelTypeOption=CGE
|GeographicalScopeOption=Global
|Objective=The GEM-E3 model is a multi-regional, multi-sectoral, recursive dynamic hybrid computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which provides details on the macro-economy and its interaction with the environment and the energy system. It incorporates micro-economic mechanisms and institutional features within a consistent macro-economic framework.
|SolutionConceptOption=General equilibrium (closed economy)
|SolutionHorizonOption=Recursive dynamic (myopic)
|SolutionMethodOption=Optimization
|BaseYear=2014
|TimeSteps=5
|Horizon=2100
|Nr=46
|PoliciesOption=Emission tax; Emission pricing; Cap and trade; Fuel taxes; Fuel subsidies; Feed-in-tariff; Portfolio standard; Capacity targets
|Concept=General equilibrium
|PolicyImplementation=Taxes, Permits trading, Subsidies, Energy efficiency standards, CO2 standards, Emission reduction targets, Trade agreements.
}}
{{Socio-economicTemplate
|PopulationOption=Yes (exogenous)
|EducationLevelOption=Yes (endogenous)
|GDPOption=Yes (endogenous)
|EmploymentRateOption=Yes (endogenous)
|LaborProductivityOption=Yes (exogenous)
|TotalFactorProductivityOption=Yes (exogenous)
|AutonomousEnergyEfficiencyImprovementsOption=Yes (exogenous)
|ExogenousDriverOption=Total Factor Productivity; Labour Productivity; Capital Technical progress; Energy Technical progress; Materials Technical progress
|ExogenousDriver=Active population growth; Learning-by-doing;
|DevelopmentOption=GDP per capita; Labour participation rate
}}
{{Macro-economyTemplate
|TradeOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Bioenergy crops; Food crops; Capital; Emissions permits
|Trade=All other major traded economic activities (40 economic sectors); Energy goods;
|TradeText=The model links all countries and sectors through endogenous bilateral trade transactions.
|CostMeasureOption=GDP loss; Welfare loss
|CostMeasure=Equivalent Variation;
|CategorizationByGroupOption=Technology adoption
|CoalRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|UnconventionalOilRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|ConventionalGasRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|UnconventionalGasRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|BioenergyRUOption=Yes (process model)
|RawMaterialsRUOption=Yes (process model)
|EconomicSector=other;
|EconomicSectorText=GEM-E3 represents 29 sectors:
Agriculture,Coal,Crude Oil,Oil,Gas,Electricity supply,Ferrous and non ferrous metals,Chemical Products,Other energy intensive,Electric Goods,Transport equipment,Other Equipment Goods,Consumer Goods Industries,Construction,Transport (Air),Transport (Land),Transport (Water),Market Services,Non Market Services,Coal fired,Oil fired,Gas fired,Nuclear,Biomass,Hydro electric,Wind,PV,CCS coal,CCS Gas
|MaterialUseTCOption=Exogenous technological change
|TechnologicalChange=Other: Total factor productivity, Labour productivity, Capital productivity are all exogenous. Semi-endogenous TFP for clean technologies based on learning by doing and learning by research;
|EconomicSectorOption=Agriculture; Industry; Energy; Transport; Services
}}
{{EnergyTemplate
|EnergyTechnologySubstitutabilityOption=Mostly high substitutability
|EnergyTechnologyDeploymentOption=Expansion and decline constraints
|ElectricityTechnologyOption=Coal w/ CCS; Gas w/o CCS; Gas w/ CCS; Oil w/o CCS; Bioenergy w/o CCS; Geothermal power; Nuclear power; Solar power; Solar power-central PV; Wind power; Wind power-onshore; Wind power-offshore; Hydroelectric power
|PassengerTransportationOption=Buses; Electric LDVs; Hybrid LDVs; Gasoline LDVs; Passenger trains; Passenger aircrafts
|FreightTransportationOption=Freight trains; Heavy duty vehicles; Freight aircrafts; Freight ships
|IndustryOption=Steel production; Aluminium production; Cement production; Petrochemical production; Paper production; Pulp production
|Industry=Other: Equipment goods, Non-metalic minnerals, Consumer goods industries;
|ResidentialAndCommercialOption=Cooking; Space heating
|ResourceUseOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Biomass
|GridInfrastructureOption=Electricity
|TechnologySubstitutionOption=Discrete technology choices
|EnergyServiceSectorOption=Transportation; Industry; Residential and commercial
}}
{{Land-useTemplate
|AgriculturalCommoditiesOption=Oilseeds
|Land-use=GEM-E3 considers land as a separate production factor;
}}
{{EmissionClimateTemplate
|GHGOption=HFCs; SF6; CO2 fossil fuels; CH4 energy; CH4 other; N2O energy; N2O other
|ClimateIndicatorText=GEM-E3 model does not include climate indicators.
|CarbonDioxideRemovalOption=Bioenergy with CCS; Afforestation; Direct air capture
|Co-LinkagesOption=Energy access: Household energy consumption
}}

Latest revision as of 17:49, 26 August 2020

The reference card is a clearly defined description of model features. The numerous options have been organized into a limited amount of default and model specific (non default) options. In addition some features are described by a short clarifying text.

Legend:

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  • implemented
  • implemented (not default option)

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About

Name and version

GEM-E3 _092019

Model link

https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/strategies/analysis/models/docs/gem_e3_long_en.pdf

Institution

Institute of Communication And Computer Systems (ICCS), Greece, https://www.iccs.gr/en/.

Documentation

GEM-E3 documentation consists of a referencecard and detailed model documentation

Process state

published



Model scope and methods

Model documentation: Model_scope_and_methods - GEM-E3

Model type

  • Integrated assessment model
  • Energy system model
  • CGE
  • CBA-integrated assessment model

Geographical scope

  • Global
  • Regional

Objective

The GEM-E3 model is a multi-regional, multi-sectoral, recursive dynamic hybrid computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which provides details on the macro-economy and its interaction with the environment and the energy system. It incorporates micro-economic mechanisms and institutional features within a consistent macro-economic framework.

Solution concept

  • Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
  • Partial equilibrium (fixed demand)
  • General equilibrium (closed economy)

Solution horizon

  • Recursive dynamic (myopic)
  • Intertemporal optimization (foresight)

Solution method

  • Simulation
  • Optimization


Temporal dimension

Base year:2014, time steps:5, horizon: 2100

Spatial dimension

Number of regions:46

Time discounting type

  • Discount rate exogenous
  • Discount rate endogenous

Policies

  • Emission tax
  • Emission pricing
  • Cap and trade
  • Fuel taxes
  • Fuel subsidies
  • Feed-in-tariff
  • Portfolio standard
  • Capacity targets
  • Emission standards
  • Energy efficiency standards
  • Agricultural producer subsidies
  • Agricultural consumer subsidies
  • Land protection
  • Pricing carbon stocks


Socio-economic drivers

Model documentation: Socio-economic drivers - GEM-E3

Population

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Population age structure

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Education level

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Urbanization rate

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

GDP

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Income distribution

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Employment rate

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Labor productivity

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Total factor productivity

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Autonomous energy efficiency improvements

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)



Macro-economy

Model documentation: Macro-economy - GEM-E3

Economic sector

Industry

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Energy

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Transportation

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Residential and commercial

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Agriculture

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Forestry

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Other economic sector

  • other

Note: GEM-E3 represents 29 sectors: Agriculture,Coal,Crude Oil,Oil,Gas,Electricity supply,Ferrous and non ferrous metals,Chemical Products,Other energy intensive,Electric Goods,Transport equipment,Other Equipment Goods,Consumer Goods Industries,Construction,Transport (Air),Transport (Land),Transport (Water),Market Services,Non Market Services,Coal fired,Oil fired,Gas fired,Nuclear,Biomass,Hydro electric,Wind,PV,CCS coal,CCS Gas

Macro-economy

Trade

  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Gas
  • Uranium
  • Electricity
  • Bioenergy crops
  • Food crops
  • Capital
  • Emissions permits
  • Non-energy goods
  • All other major traded economic activities (40 economic sectors)
  • Energy goods

Note: The model links all countries and sectors through endogenous bilateral trade transactions.

Cost measures

  • GDP loss
  • Welfare loss
  • Consumption loss
  • Area under MAC
  • Energy system cost mark-up
  • Equivalent Variation

Categorization by group

  • Income
  • Urban - rural
  • Technology adoption
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Education level
  • Household size

Institutional and political factors

  • Early retirement of capital allowed
  • Interest rates differentiated by country/region
  • Regional risk factors included
  • Technology costs differentiated by country/region
  • Technological change differentiated by country/region
  • Behavioural change differentiated by country/region
  • Constraints on cross country financial transfers

Resource use

Coal

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Conventional Oil

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Unconventional Oil

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Conventional Gas

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Unconventional Gas

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Uranium

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Bioenergy

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Water

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Raw Materials

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Land

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)


Technological change

Energy conversion technologies

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Energy End-use

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Material Use

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Agriculture (tc)

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Other technological change

  • Other: Total factor productivity, Labour productivity, Capital productivity are all exogenous. Semi-endogenous TFP for clean technologies based on learning by doing and learning by research


Energy

Model documentation: Energy - GEM-E3


Energy technology substitution

Energy technology choice

  • No discrete technology choices
  • Logit choice model
  • Production function
  • Linear choice (lowest cost)
  • Lowest cost with adjustment penalties

Energy technology substitutability

  • Mostly high substitutability
  • Mostly low substitutability
  • Mixed high and low substitutability

Energy technology deployment

  • Expansion and decline constraints
  • System integration constraints

Energy

Electricity technologies

  • Coal w/o CCS
  • Coal w/ CCS
  • Gas w/o CCS
  • Gas w/ CCS
  • Oil w/o CCS
  • Oil w/ CCS
  • Bioenergy w/o CCS
  • Bioenergy w/ CCS
  • Geothermal power
  • Nuclear power
  • Solar power
  • Solar power-central PV
  • Solar power-distributed PV
  • Solar power-CSP
  • Wind power
  • Wind power-onshore
  • Wind power-offshore
  • Hydroelectric power
  • Ocean power

Hydrogen production

  • Coal to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Coal to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Natural gas to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Natural gas to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Oil to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Oil to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Biomass to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Biomass to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Nuclear thermochemical hydrogen
  • Solar thermochemical hydrogen
  • Electrolysis

Refined liquids

  • Coal to liquids w/o CCS
  • Coal to liquids w/ CCS
  • Gas to liquids w/o CCS
  • Gas to liquids w/ CCS
  • Bioliquids w/o CCS
  • Bioliquids w/ CCS
  • Oil refining

Refined gases

  • Coal to gas w/o CCS
  • Coal to gas w/ CCS
  • Oil to gas w/o CCS
  • Oil to gas w/ CCS
  • Biomass to gas w/o CCS
  • Biomass to gas w/ CCS

Heat generation

  • Coal heat
  • Natural gas heat
  • Oil heat
  • Biomass heat
  • Geothermal heat
  • Solarthermal heat
  • CHP (coupled heat and power)

Grid Infra Structure

Electricity

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Gas

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Heat

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

CO2

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Hydrogen

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)


Energy end-use technologies

Passenger transportation

  • Passenger trains
  • Buses
  • Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs)
  • Electric LDVs
  • Hydrogen LDVs
  • Hybrid LDVs
  • Gasoline LDVs
  • Diesel LDVs
  • Passenger aircrafts

Freight transportation

  • Freight trains
  • Heavy duty vehicles
  • Freight aircrafts
  • Freight ships

Industry

  • Steel production
  • Aluminium production
  • Cement production
  • Petrochemical production
  • Paper production
  • Plastics production
  • Pulp production
  • Other: Equipment goods, Non-metalic minnerals, Consumer goods industries

Residential and commercial

  • Space heating
  • Space cooling
  • Cooking
  • Refrigeration
  • Washing
  • Lighting


Land-use

Model documentation: Land-use - GEM-E3

Land cover

  • Cropland
  • Cropland irrigated
  • Cropland food crops
  • Cropland feed crops
  • Cropland energy crops
  • Forest
  • Managed forest
  • Natural forest
  • Pasture
  • Shrubland
  • Built-up area

Agriculture and forestry demands

  • Agriculture food
  • Agriculture food crops
  • Agriculture food livestock
  • Agriculture feed
  • Agriculture feed crops
  • Agriculture feed livestock
  • Agriculture non-food
  • Agriculture non-food crops
  • Agriculture non-food livestock
  • Agriculture bioenergy
  • Agriculture residues
  • Forest industrial roundwood
  • Forest fuelwood
  • Forest residues

Agricultural commodities

  • Wheat
  • Rice
  • Other coarse grains
  • Oilseeds
  • Sugar crops
  • Ruminant meat
  • Non-ruminant meat and eggs
  • Dairy products



Emission, climate and impacts

Model documentation: Emissions - GEM-E3, Climate - GEM-E3, Non-climate sustainability dimension - GEM-E3

Greenhouse gases

  • CO2 fossil fuels
  • CO2 cement
  • CO2 land use
  • CH4 energy
  • CH4 land use
  • CH4 other
  • N2O energy
  • N2O land use
  • N2O other
  • CFCs
  • HFCs
  • SF6
  • PFCs

Pollutants

  • CO energy
  • CO land use
  • CO other
  • NOx energy
  • NOx land use
  • NOx other
  • VOC energy
  • VOC land use
  • VOC other
  • SO2 energy
  • SO2 land use
  • SO2 other
  • BC energy
  • BC land use
  • BC other
  • OC energy
  • OC land use
  • OC other
  • NH3 energy
  • NH3 land use
  • NH3 other

Climate indicators

  • Concentration: CO2
  • Concentration: CH4
  • Concentration: N2O
  • Concentration: Kyoto gases
  • Radiative forcing: CO2
  • Radiative forcing: CH4
  • Radiative forcing: N2O
  • Radiative forcing: F-gases
  • Radiative forcing: Kyoto gases
  • Radiative forcing: aerosols
  • Radiative forcing: land albedo
  • Radiative forcing: AN3A
  • Radiative forcing: total
  • Temperature change
  • Sea level rise
  • Ocean acidification

Note: GEM-E3 model does not include climate indicators.

Carbon dioxide removal

  • Bioenergy with CCS
  • Reforestation
  • Afforestation
  • Soil carbon enhancement
  • Direct air capture
  • Enhanced weathering

Climate change impacts

  • Agriculture
  • Energy supply
  • Energy demand
  • Economic output
  • Built capital
  • Inequality

Co-Linkages

  • Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region)
  • Energy access: Household energy consumption
  • Air pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissions
  • Air pollution & health: Health impacts of air Pollution
  • Food access
  • Water availability
  • Biodiversity
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