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REMIND models resource potentials for non-biomass renewables (hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal) using region-specific potentials. For each renewable energy type, we classify the potentials into different grades, specified by capacity factors (<xr id="fig:REMIND_6"/>). Superior grades have higher capacity factors, which correspond to more full-load hours per year. This implies higher energy production for a given installed capacity. Therefore, the grade structure leads to a gradual expansion of renewable energy deployment over time as a result of optimization.  
REMIND-MAgPIE models resource potentials for non-biomass renewables (hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal) using region-specific potentials. For each renewable energy type, we classify the potentials into different grades, specified by capacity factors (<xr id="fig:REMIND-MAgPIE_6"/>). Superior grades have higher capacity factors, which correspond to more full-load hours per year. This implies higher energy production for a given installed capacity. Therefore, the grade structure leads to a gradual expansion of renewable energy deployment over time as a result of optimization.  


REMIND’s renewable energy potentials often appear higher than the potentials used in other models <ref>Luderer G, Krey V, Calvin K, et al (2014) The role of renewable energy in climate stabilization: results from the EMF27 scenarios. Climatic Change 123:427–441. doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0924-z</ref>. However, these models typically limit potentials to specific locations that are currently competitive or close to becoming competitive. REMIND’s grade structure allows for the inclusion of sites that are less attractive, but may become competitive in the long-term as the costs of other power-generation technologies increase. This choice is dependent on the model. The regionally aggregated potentials for solar PV and CSP used in REMIND were developed in Pietzcker <ref>Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014b) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Applied Energy 135:704–720. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.011</ref> in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center DLR. In total, the solar potential is almost unlimited, with a total amount of 6500 EJ/year for PV and 2000EJ/year for CSP. However, the resource quality differs strongly across regions, so that some regions have mostly sites with low full-load hours. To account for the competition between PV and CSP for the same sites with good irradiation, an additional constraint for the combined deployment of PV and CSP was introduced in REMIND <ref>Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014b) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Applied Energy 135:704–720. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.011</ref>. This implies that the sum of the area used by both technologies is smaller than the total available area.  
REMIND-MAgPIE’s renewable energy potentials often appear higher than the potentials used in other models <ref>Luderer G, Krey V, Calvin K, et al (2014) The role of renewable energy in climate stabilization: results from the EMF27 scenarios. Climatic Change 123:427–441. doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0924-z</ref>. However, these models typically limit potentials to specific locations that are currently competitive or close to becoming competitive. REMIND-MAgPIE’s grade structure allows for the inclusion of sites that are less attractive, but may become competitive in the long-term as the costs of other power-generation technologies increase. This choice is dependent on the model. The regionally aggregated potentials for solar PV and CSP used in REMIND-MAgPIE were developed in Pietzcker <ref>Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014b) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Applied Energy 135:704–720. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.011</ref> in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center DLR. In total, the solar potential is almost unlimited, with a total amount of 6500 EJ/year for PV and 2000EJ/year for CSP. However, the resource quality differs strongly across regions, so that some regions have mostly sites with low full-load hours. To account for the competition between PV and CSP for the same sites with good irradiation, an additional constraint for the combined deployment of PV and CSP was introduced in REMIND-MAgPIE <ref>Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014b) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Applied Energy 135:704–720. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.011</ref>. This implies that the sum of the area used by both technologies is smaller than the total available area.  


The regionally aggregated wind potentials were developed based on a number of studies <ref>Hoogwijk 2004</ref>; <ref>Brückl 2005</ref>; <ref>Hoogwijk and Graus 2008</ref>; <ref>EEA 2009</ref>. The technical potentials for combined on- and off-shore wind power amount to 370EJ/year (half of this amount is at sites with less than 1400 full-load hours). The total value is twice as large as the potential estimated by WGBU <ref>WGBU(2003)</ref>, but is less than one fifth of the potential in Lu <ref>Lu et al. (2009)</ref>.
The regionally aggregated wind potentials were developed based on a number of studies <ref>Hoogwijk M (2004) On the global and regional potential of renewable energy sources. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Scheikunde</ref>; <ref>Brückl O (2005) Global Potential for electricity production from wind energy</ref>; <ref>Hoogwijk M, Graus W (2008) Global potential of renewable energy sources: a literature assessment. Ecofys</ref>; <ref>EEA (2009) Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy potential - An assessment of environmental and economical constraints</ref>. The technical potentials for combined on- and off-shore wind power amount to 370EJ/year (half of this amount is at sites with less than 1400 full-load hours). The total value is twice as large as the potential estimated by WGBU <ref>WGBU (2003) Welt im Wandel: Energiewende zur Nachhaltigkeit (WB der B globale Umweltveränderung, Ed.)</ref>, but is less than one fifth of the potential in Lu <ref>Lu X, McElroy MB, Kiviluoma J (2009) Global potential for wind-generated electricity. PNAS 106:10933–10938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904101106)</ref>.


<figure id="fig:REMIND_6">
<figure id="fig:REMIND-MAgPIE_6">
[[File:Non-biomass renewables REMIND.PNG]]
[[File:Non-biomass renewables REMIND-MAgPIE.PNG]]
</figure>
</figure>


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The global potentials of hydropower amount to 50 EJ/year. These estimates are based on the technological potentials provided in WGBU (2003). The regional disaggregation is based on information from a background paper produced for this report (Horlacher 2003).
The global potentials of hydropower amount to 50 EJ/year. These estimates are based on the technological potentials provided in WGBU (2003). The regional disaggregation is based on information from a background paper produced for this report (Horlacher 2003).
<references />

Latest revision as of 14:34, 21 November 2021

Model Documentation - REMIND-MAgPIE

Corresponding documentation
Previous versions
Model information
Model link
Institution Potsdam Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (PIK), Germany, https://www.pik-potsdam.de.
Solution concept General equilibrium (closed economy)MAgPIE: partial equilibrium model of the agricultural sector;
Solution method OptimizationMAgPIE: cost minimization;
Anticipation

REMIND-MAgPIE models resource potentials for non-biomass renewables (hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal) using region-specific potentials. For each renewable energy type, we classify the potentials into different grades, specified by capacity factors (<xr id="fig:REMIND-MAgPIE_6"/>). Superior grades have higher capacity factors, which correspond to more full-load hours per year. This implies higher energy production for a given installed capacity. Therefore, the grade structure leads to a gradual expansion of renewable energy deployment over time as a result of optimization.

REMIND-MAgPIE’s renewable energy potentials often appear higher than the potentials used in other models [1]. However, these models typically limit potentials to specific locations that are currently competitive or close to becoming competitive. REMIND-MAgPIE’s grade structure allows for the inclusion of sites that are less attractive, but may become competitive in the long-term as the costs of other power-generation technologies increase. This choice is dependent on the model. The regionally aggregated potentials for solar PV and CSP used in REMIND-MAgPIE were developed in Pietzcker [2] in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center DLR. In total, the solar potential is almost unlimited, with a total amount of 6500 EJ/year for PV and 2000EJ/year for CSP. However, the resource quality differs strongly across regions, so that some regions have mostly sites with low full-load hours. To account for the competition between PV and CSP for the same sites with good irradiation, an additional constraint for the combined deployment of PV and CSP was introduced in REMIND-MAgPIE [3]. This implies that the sum of the area used by both technologies is smaller than the total available area.

The regionally aggregated wind potentials were developed based on a number of studies [4]; [5]; [6]; [7]. The technical potentials for combined on- and off-shore wind power amount to 370EJ/year (half of this amount is at sites with less than 1400 full-load hours). The total value is twice as large as the potential estimated by WGBU [8], but is less than one fifth of the potential in Lu [9].

<figure id="fig:REMIND-MAgPIE_6"> Non-biomass renewables REMIND-MAgPIE.PNG </figure>

Figure 1. Regionalized resource potentials for solar PV, CSP, wind and hydro power as a function of resource quality expressed in terms of attainable capacity factors.

The global potentials of hydropower amount to 50 EJ/year. These estimates are based on the technological potentials provided in WGBU (2003). The regional disaggregation is based on information from a background paper produced for this report (Horlacher 2003).





  1. ↑ Luderer G, Krey V, Calvin K, et al (2014) The role of renewable energy in climate stabilization: results from the EMF27 scenarios. Climatic Change 123:427–441. doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0924-z
  2. ↑ Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014b) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Applied Energy 135:704–720. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.011
  3. ↑ Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014b) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Applied Energy 135:704–720. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.011
  4. ↑ Hoogwijk M (2004) On the global and regional potential of renewable energy sources. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Scheikunde
  5. ↑ Brückl O (2005) Global Potential for electricity production from wind energy
  6. ↑ Hoogwijk M, Graus W (2008) Global potential of renewable energy sources: a literature assessment. Ecofys
  7. ↑ EEA (2009) Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy potential - An assessment of environmental and economical constraints
  8. ↑ WGBU (2003) Welt im Wandel: Energiewende zur Nachhaltigkeit (WB der B globale Umweltveränderung, Ed.)
  9. ↑ Lu X, McElroy MB, Kiviluoma J (2009) Global potential for wind-generated electricity. PNAS 106:10933–10938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904101106)
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