WITCH

The reference card is a clearly defined description of model features. The numerous options have been organized into a limited amount of default and model specific (non default) options. In addition some features are described by a short clarifying text.

Legend:

• not implemented
• implemented
• implemented (not default option)

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edit About

About

Name and version

WITCH 5.0

Model link

https://www.witchmodel.org/; https://github.com/witch-team/witchmodel; https://doc.witchmodel.org

Institution

European Institute on Economics and the Environment (RFF-CMCC EIEE), Italy, http://www.eiee.org.

Documentation

WITCH documentation consists of a referencecard and detailed model documentation

Process state

published

"published</br>The reference card is a clearly defined description of model features. The numerous options have been organized into a limited amount of default and model specific (non default) options. In addition some features are described by a short clarifying text.</br>Legend:</br></br>not implemented</br>implemented</br>implemented (not default option)</br></br>A page refresh may be needed after modifying data.</br> </br></br></br></br></br>'"`UNIQ--item-1--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-1--QINU`"'About==</br></br></br>SMW::offSMW::off</br></br> Name and version</br> </br> </br> WITCH 5.0</br> </br> </br></br></br> Model link</br> </br> </br> https://www.witchmodel.org/; https://github.com/witch-team/witchmodel; https://doc.witchmodel.org</br> </br> </br></br></br> Institution</br> </br> </br> European Institute on Economics and the Environment (RFF-CMCC EIEE), Italy, http://www.eiee.org.</br> </br> </br></br></br> Documentation</br> </br> </br> WITCH documentation consists of a referencecard and detailed model documentation</br> </br> </br></br></br> Process state</br> </br> </br> published</br> </br> </br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on </br></br></br> </br>'"`UNIQ--item-2--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-2--QINU`"'Model scope and methods==</br>Model documentation: Model_scope_and_methods - WITCH</br></br>SMW::offSMW::off</br></br> Model type</br> </br> </br> Integrated assessment modelEnergy system modelCGECBA-integrated assessment model</br> </br></br></br> Geographical scope</br> </br> </br> GlobalRegional</br> </br></br></br> Objective</br> </br> </br> WITCH evaluates the impacts of climate policies on global and regional economic systems and provides information on the optimal responses of these economies to climate change. The model considers the positive externalities from leaning-by-doing and learning-by-researching in the technological change.</br> </br> </br></br></br> Solution concept</br> </br> </br> Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)Partial equilibrium (fixed demand)General equilibrium (closed economy)</br> </br></br></br> Solution horizon</br> </br> </br> Recursive dynamic (myopic)Intertemporal optimization (foresight)inter-temporal (foresight)</br> </br></br></br> Solution method</br> </br> </br> SimulationOptimization</br> </br></br></br></br></br> Temporal dimension</br> </br> </br> Base year:2005, time steps:5, horizon: 2150</br> </br> </br></br></br> Spatial dimension</br> </br> </br> Number of regions:17</br> </br> </br></br></br> Time discounting type</br> </br> </br> Discount rate exogenousDiscount rate endogenous</br> </br></br></br> Policies</br> </br> </br> Emission taxEmission pricingCap and tradeFuel taxesFuel subsidiesFeed-in-tariffPortfolio standardCapacity targetsEmission standardsEnergy efficiency standardsAgricultural producer subsidiesAgricultural consumer subsidiesLand protectionPricing carbon stocks</br> </br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on</br></br></br> </br>'"`UNIQ--item-3--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-3--QINU`"'Socio-economic drivers==</br>Model documentation: Socio-economic drivers - WITCH</br></br>SMW::offSMW::off</br></br> Population</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Population age structure</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Education level</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Urbanization rate</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> GDP</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Income distribution</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Employment rate</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Labor productivity</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Total factor productivity</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br> Autonomous energy efficiency improvements</br> </br> </br> Yes (exogenous)Yes (endogenous)</br> </br></br></br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on</br></br> </br>'"`UNIQ--item-4--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-4--QINU`"'Macro-economy==</br>Model documentation: Macro-economy - WITCH</br></br>SMW::offEconomic sectorSMW::off</br></br> Industry</br> </br> </br> Yes (physical)Yes (economic)Yes (physical & economic)</br> </br></br></br> Energy</br> </br> </br> Yes (physical)Yes (economic)Yes (physical & economic)</br> </br></br></br> Transportation</br> </br> </br> Yes (physical)Yes (economic)Yes (physical & economic)</br> </br></br></br> Residential and commercial</br> </br> </br> Yes (physical)Yes (economic)Yes (physical & economic)</br> </br></br></br> Agriculture</br> </br> </br> Yes (physical)Yes (economic)Yes (physical & economic)</br> </br></br></br> Forestry</br> </br> </br> Yes (physical)Yes (economic)Yes (physical & economic)</br> </br></br></br> Other economic sector</br> </br> </br> other</br> Note: A single economy sector is represented. Production inputs are capital, labor and energy services, accounting for the Energy sector split into 8 energy technologies sectors (coal, oil, gas, wind&solar, nuclear, electricity and biofuels).</br> </br> </br>SMW::on</br>Macro-economySMW::off</br></br> Trade</br> </br> </br> CoalOilGasUraniumElectricityBioenergy cropsFood cropsCapitalEmissions permitsNon-energy goods</br> </br></br></br> Cost measures</br> </br> </br> GDP lossWelfare lossConsumption lossArea under MACEnergy system cost mark-up</br> </br></br></br> Categorization by group</br> </br> </br> IncomeUrban - ruralTechnology adoptionAgeGenderEducation levelHousehold size</br> </br></br></br> Institutional and political factors</br> </br> </br> Early retirement of capital allowedInterest rates differentiated by country/regionRegional risk factors includedTechnology costs differentiated by country/regionTechnological change differentiated by country/regionBehavioural change differentiated by country/regionConstraints on cross country financial transfers</br> </br>SMW::on</br>Resource useSMW::off</br></br> Coal</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Conventional Oil</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Unconventional Oil</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Conventional Gas</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Unconventional Gas</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Uranium</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Bioenergy</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Water</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Raw Materials</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br> Land</br> </br> </br> Yes (fixed)Yes (supply curve)Yes (process model)</br> </br></br></br>SMW::on</br>Technological changeSMW::off</br></br> Energy conversion technologies</br> </br> </br> No technological changeExogenous technological changeEndogenous technological change</br> </br></br></br> Energy End-use</br> </br> </br> No technological changeExogenous technological changeEndogenous technological change</br> </br></br></br> Material Use</br> </br> </br> No technological changeExogenous technological changeEndogenous technological change</br> </br></br></br> Agriculture (tc)</br> </br> </br> No technological changeExogenous technological changeEndogenous technological change</br> </br></br></br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on</br></br></br> </br>'"`UNIQ--item-5--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-5--QINU`"'Energy==</br>Model documentation: Energy - WITCH</br></br>SMW::offSMW::off</br></br>SMW::on</br>Energy technology substitutionSMW::off</br></br> Energy technology choice</br> </br> </br> No discrete technology choicesLogit choice modelProduction functionLinear choice (lowest cost)Lowest cost with adjustment penalties</br> </br></br></br> Energy technology substitutability</br> </br> </br> Mostly high substitutabilityMostly low substitutabilityMixed high and low substitutability</br> </br></br></br> Energy technology deployment</br> </br> </br> Expansion and decline constraintsSystem integration constraints</br> </br>SMW::on</br>EnergySMW::off</br></br> Electricity technologies</br> </br> </br> Coal w/o CCSCoal w/ CCSGas w/o CCSGas w/ CCSOil w/o CCSOil w/ CCSBioenergy w/o CCSBioenergy w/ CCSGeothermal powerNuclear powerSolar powerSolar power-central PVSolar power-distributed PVSolar power-CSPWind powerWind power-onshoreWind power-offshoreHydroelectric powerOcean power</br> </br></br></br> Hydrogen production</br> </br> </br> Coal to hydrogen w/o CCSCoal to hydrogen w/ CCSNatural gas to hydrogen w/o CCSNatural gas to hydrogen w/ CCSOil to hydrogen w/o CCSOil to hydrogen w/ CCSBiomass to hydrogen w/o CCSBiomass to hydrogen w/ CCSNuclear thermochemical hydrogenSolar thermochemical hydrogenElectrolysis</br> </br></br></br> Refined liquids</br> </br> </br> Coal to liquids w/o CCSCoal to liquids w/ CCSGas to liquids w/o CCSGas to liquids w/ CCSBioliquids w/o CCSBioliquids w/ CCSOil refining</br> </br></br></br> Refined gases</br> </br> </br> Coal to gas w/o CCSCoal to gas w/ CCSOil to gas w/o CCSOil to gas w/ CCSBiomass to gas w/o CCSBiomass to gas w/ CCS</br> </br></br></br> Heat generation</br> </br> </br> Coal heatNatural gas heatOil heatBiomass heatGeothermal heatSolarthermal heatCHP (coupled heat and power)</br> </br>SMW::on</br>Grid Infra StructureSMW::off</br></br> Electricity</br> </br> </br> Yes (aggregate)Yes (spatially explicit)</br> </br></br></br> Gas</br> </br> </br> Yes (aggregate)Yes (spatially explicit)</br> </br></br></br> Heat</br> </br> </br> Yes (aggregate)Yes (spatially explicit)</br> </br></br></br> CO2</br> </br> </br> Yes (aggregate)Yes (spatially explicit)</br> </br></br></br> Hydrogen</br> </br> </br> Yes (aggregate)Yes (spatially explicit)</br> </br></br></br>SMW::on</br>Energy end-use technologiesSMW::off</br></br> Passenger transportation</br> </br> </br> Passenger trainsBusesLight Duty Vehicles (LDVs)Electric LDVsHydrogen LDVsHybrid LDVsGasoline LDVsDiesel LDVsPassenger aircrafts</br> </br></br></br> Freight transportation</br> </br> </br> Freight trainsHeavy duty vehiclesFreight aircraftsFreight ships</br> </br></br></br> Industry</br> </br> </br> Steel productionAluminium productionCement productionPetrochemical productionPaper productionPlastics productionPulp production</br> </br></br></br> Residential and commercial</br> </br> </br> Space heatingSpace coolingCookingRefrigerationWashingLighting</br> </br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on </br></br> </br>'"`UNIQ--item-6--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-6--QINU`"'Land-use==</br>Model documentation: Land-use - WITCH</br></br>SMW::offSMW::off</br></br> Land cover</br> </br> </br> CroplandCropland irrigatedCropland food cropsCropland feed cropsCropland energy cropsForestManaged forestNatural forestPastureShrublandBuilt-up area</br> </br></br></br> Agriculture and forestry demands</br> </br> </br> Agriculture foodAgriculture food cropsAgriculture food livestockAgriculture feedAgriculture feed cropsAgriculture feed livestockAgriculture non-foodAgriculture non-food cropsAgriculture non-food livestockAgriculture bioenergyAgriculture residuesForest industrial roundwoodForest fuelwoodForest residues</br> </br></br></br> Agricultural commodities</br> </br> </br> WheatRiceOther coarse grainsOilseedsSugar cropsRuminant meatNon-ruminant meat and eggsDairy products</br> </br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on</br></br></br></br> </br>'"`UNIQ--item-7--QINU`"'</br></br>=='"`UNIQ--h-7--QINU`"'Emission, climate and impacts==</br>Model documentation: Emissions - WITCH, Climate - WITCH, Non-climate sustainability dimension - WITCH</br></br>SMW::offSMW::off</br></br> Greenhouse gases</br> </br> </br> CO2 fossil fuelsCO2 cementCO2 land useCH4 energyCH4 land useCH4 otherN2O energyN2O land useN2O otherCFCsHFCsSF6PFCs</br> </br></br></br> Pollutants</br> </br> </br> CO energyCO land useCO otherNOx energyNOx land useNOx otherVOC energyVOC land useVOC otherSO2 energySO2 land useSO2 otherBC energyBC land useBC otherOC energyOC land useOC otherNH3 energyNH3 land useNH3 other</br> </br></br></br> Climate indicators</br> </br> </br> Concentration: CO2Concentration: CH4Concentration: N2OConcentration: Kyoto gasesRadiative forcing: CO2Radiative forcing: CH4Radiative forcing: N2ORadiative forcing: F-gasesRadiative forcing: Kyoto gasesRadiative forcing: aerosolsRadiative forcing: land albedoRadiative forcing: AN3ARadiative forcing: totalTemperature changeSea level riseOcean acidification</br> </br></br></br> Carbon dioxide removal</br> </br> </br> Bioenergy with CCSReforestationAfforestationSoil carbon enhancementDirect air captureEnhanced weathering</br> </br></br></br> Climate change impacts</br> </br> </br> AgricultureEnergy supplyEnergy demandEconomic outputBuilt capitalInequality</br> </br></br></br> Co-Linkages</br> </br> </br> Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region)Energy access: Household energy consumptionAir pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissionsAir pollution & health: Health impacts of air PollutionFood accessWater availabilityBiodiversity</br> </br>SMW::on</br>SMW::on </br></br></br></br></br></br>Template:OtherResourcesTemplate" is not in the list (in preparation, submitted, under review, published) of allowed values for the "HasProcessState" property.

edit Model scope and methods

Model scope and methods

Model documentation: Model_scope_and_methods - WITCH

Model type

• Integrated assessment model
• Energy system model
• CGE
• CBA-integrated assessment model

Geographical scope

• Global
• Regional

Objective

WITCH evaluates the impacts of climate policies on global and regional economic systems and provides information on the optimal responses of these economies to climate change. The model considers the positive externalities from leaning-by-doing and learning-by-researching in the technological change.

Solution concept

• Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
• Partial equilibrium (fixed demand)
• General equilibrium (closed economy)

Solution horizon

• Recursive dynamic (myopic)
• Intertemporal optimization (foresight)
• inter-temporal (foresight)

Solution method

• Simulation
• Optimization

Temporal dimension

Base year:2005, time steps:5, horizon: 2150

Spatial dimension

Number of regions:17

Time discounting type

• Discount rate exogenous
• Discount rate endogenous

Policies

• Emission tax
• Emission pricing
• Cap and trade
• Fuel taxes
• Fuel subsidies
• Feed-in-tariff
• Portfolio standard
• Capacity targets
• Emission standards
• Energy efficiency standards
• Agricultural producer subsidies
• Agricultural consumer subsidies
• Land protection
• Pricing carbon stocks

edit Socio-economic info

Socio-economic drivers

Model documentation: Socio-economic drivers - WITCH

Population

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Population age structure

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Education level

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Urbanization rate

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

GDP

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Income distribution

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Employment rate

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Labor productivity

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Total factor productivity

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

Autonomous energy efficiency improvements

• Yes (exogenous)
• Yes (endogenous)

edit Macro-economic info

Macro-economy

Model documentation: Macro-economy - WITCH

Economic sector

Industry

• Yes (physical)
• Yes (economic)
• Yes (physical & economic)

Energy

• Yes (physical)
• Yes (economic)
• Yes (physical & economic)

Transportation

• Yes (physical)
• Yes (economic)
• Yes (physical & economic)

Residential and commercial

• Yes (physical)
• Yes (economic)
• Yes (physical & economic)

Agriculture

• Yes (physical)
• Yes (economic)
• Yes (physical & economic)

Forestry

• Yes (physical)
• Yes (economic)
• Yes (physical & economic)

Other economic sector

• other

Note: A single economy sector is represented. Production inputs are capital, labor and energy services, accounting for the Energy sector split into 8 energy technologies sectors (coal, oil, gas, wind&solar, nuclear, electricity and biofuels).

Macro-economy

Trade

• Coal
• Oil
• Gas
• Uranium
• Electricity
• Bioenergy crops
• Food crops
• Capital
• Emissions permits
• Non-energy goods

Cost measures

• GDP loss
• Welfare loss
• Consumption loss
• Area under MAC
• Energy system cost mark-up

Categorization by group

• Income
• Urban - rural
• Technology adoption
• Age
• Gender
• Education level
• Household size

Institutional and political factors

• Early retirement of capital allowed
• Interest rates differentiated by country/region
• Regional risk factors included
• Technology costs differentiated by country/region
• Technological change differentiated by country/region
• Behavioural change differentiated by country/region
• Constraints on cross country financial transfers

Resource use

Coal

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Conventional Oil

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Unconventional Oil

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Conventional Gas

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Unconventional Gas

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Uranium

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Bioenergy

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Water

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Raw Materials

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Land

• Yes (fixed)
• Yes (supply curve)
• Yes (process model)

Technological change

Energy conversion technologies

• No technological change
• Exogenous technological change
• Endogenous technological change

Energy End-use

• No technological change
• Exogenous technological change
• Endogenous technological change

Material Use

• No technological change
• Exogenous technological change
• Endogenous technological change

Agriculture (tc)

• No technological change
• Exogenous technological change
• Endogenous technological change

edit Energy

Energy

Model documentation: Energy - WITCH

Energy technology substitution

Energy technology choice

• No discrete technology choices
• Logit choice model
• Production function
• Linear choice (lowest cost)
• Lowest cost with adjustment penalties

Energy technology substitutability

• Mostly high substitutability
• Mostly low substitutability
• Mixed high and low substitutability

Energy technology deployment

• Expansion and decline constraints
• System integration constraints

Energy

Electricity technologies

• Coal w/o CCS
• Coal w/ CCS
• Gas w/o CCS
• Gas w/ CCS
• Oil w/o CCS
• Oil w/ CCS
• Bioenergy w/o CCS
• Bioenergy w/ CCS
• Geothermal power
• Nuclear power
• Solar power
• Solar power-central PV
• Solar power-distributed PV
• Solar power-CSP
• Wind power
• Wind power-onshore
• Wind power-offshore
• Hydroelectric power
• Ocean power

Hydrogen production

• Coal to hydrogen w/o CCS
• Coal to hydrogen w/ CCS
• Natural gas to hydrogen w/o CCS
• Natural gas to hydrogen w/ CCS
• Oil to hydrogen w/o CCS
• Oil to hydrogen w/ CCS
• Biomass to hydrogen w/o CCS
• Biomass to hydrogen w/ CCS
• Nuclear thermochemical hydrogen
• Solar thermochemical hydrogen
• Electrolysis

Refined liquids

• Coal to liquids w/o CCS
• Coal to liquids w/ CCS
• Gas to liquids w/o CCS
• Gas to liquids w/ CCS
• Bioliquids w/o CCS
• Bioliquids w/ CCS
• Oil refining

Refined gases

• Coal to gas w/o CCS
• Coal to gas w/ CCS
• Oil to gas w/o CCS
• Oil to gas w/ CCS
• Biomass to gas w/o CCS
• Biomass to gas w/ CCS

Heat generation

• Coal heat
• Natural gas heat
• Oil heat
• Biomass heat
• Geothermal heat
• Solarthermal heat
• CHP (coupled heat and power)

Grid Infra Structure

Electricity

• Yes (aggregate)
• Yes (spatially explicit)

Gas

• Yes (aggregate)
• Yes (spatially explicit)

Heat

• Yes (aggregate)
• Yes (spatially explicit)

CO2

• Yes (aggregate)
• Yes (spatially explicit)

Hydrogen

• Yes (aggregate)
• Yes (spatially explicit)

Energy end-use technologies

Passenger transportation

• Passenger trains
• Buses
• Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs)
• Electric LDVs
• Hydrogen LDVs
• Hybrid LDVs
• Gasoline LDVs
• Diesel LDVs
• Passenger aircrafts

Freight transportation

• Freight trains
• Heavy duty vehicles
• Freight aircrafts
• Freight ships

Industry

• Steel production
• Aluminium production
• Cement production
• Petrochemical production
• Paper production
• Plastics production
• Pulp production

Residential and commercial

• Space heating
• Space cooling
• Cooking
• Refrigeration
• Washing
• Lighting

edit Land-use

Land-use

Model documentation: Land-use - WITCH

Land cover

• Cropland
• Cropland irrigated
• Cropland food crops
• Cropland feed crops
• Cropland energy crops
• Forest
• Managed forest
• Natural forest
• Pasture
• Shrubland
• Built-up area

Agriculture and forestry demands

• Agriculture food
• Agriculture food crops
• Agriculture food livestock
• Agriculture feed
• Agriculture feed crops
• Agriculture feed livestock
• Agriculture non-food
• Agriculture non-food crops
• Agriculture non-food livestock
• Agriculture bioenergy
• Agriculture residues
• Forest industrial roundwood
• Forest fuelwood
• Forest residues

Agricultural commodities

• Wheat
• Rice
• Other coarse grains
• Oilseeds
• Sugar crops
• Ruminant meat
• Non-ruminant meat and eggs
• Dairy products

edit Emissions, climate and impacts

Emission, climate and impacts

Model documentation: Emissions - WITCH, Climate - WITCH, Non-climate sustainability dimension - WITCH

Greenhouse gases

• CO2 fossil fuels
• CO2 cement
• CO2 land use
• CH4 energy
• CH4 land use
• CH4 other
• N2O energy
• N2O land use
• N2O other
• CFCs
• HFCs
• SF6
• PFCs

Pollutants

• CO energy
• CO land use
• CO other
• NOx energy
• NOx land use
• NOx other
• VOC energy
• VOC land use
• VOC other
• SO2 energy
• SO2 land use
• SO2 other
• BC energy
• BC land use
• BC other
• OC energy
• OC land use
• OC other
• NH3 energy
• NH3 land use
• NH3 other

Climate indicators

• Concentration: CO2
• Concentration: CH4
• Concentration: N2O
• Concentration: Kyoto gases
• Radiative forcing: CO2
• Radiative forcing: CH4
• Radiative forcing: N2O
• Radiative forcing: F-gases
• Radiative forcing: Kyoto gases
• Radiative forcing: aerosols
• Radiative forcing: land albedo
• Radiative forcing: AN3A
• Radiative forcing: total
• Temperature change
• Sea level rise
• Ocean acidification

Carbon dioxide removal

• Bioenergy with CCS
• Reforestation
• Afforestation
• Soil carbon enhancement
• Direct air capture
• Enhanced weathering

Climate change impacts

• Agriculture
• Energy supply
• Energy demand
• Economic output
• Built capital
• Inequality

Co-Linkages

• Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region)
• Energy access: Household energy consumption
• Air pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissions
• Air pollution & health: Health impacts of air Pollution
• Food access
• Water availability
• Biodiversity