Policy - POLES

Model Documentation - POLES
Model scope and methods - POLES Model concept, solver and details - POLES Temporal dimension - POLES Spatial dimension - POLES Policy - POLES Socio-economic drivers - POLES Population - POLES Economic activity - POLES Macro-economy - POLES Production system and representation of economic sectors - POLES Energy - POLES Energy resource endowments - POLES Fossil energy resources - POLES Uranium and other fissile resources - POLES Bioenergy - POLES Non-biomass renewables - POLES Energy conversion - POLES Electricity - POLES Heat - POLES Gaseous fuels - POLES Liquid fuels - POLES Solid fuels - POLES Grid, pipelines and other infrastructure - POLES Energy end-use - POLES Transport - POLES Residential and commercial sectors - POLES Industrial sector - POLES Other end-use - POLES Energy demand - POLES Technological change in energy - POLES Land-use - POLES Emissions - POLES Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options - POLES Climate - POLES Non-climate sustainability dimension - POLES Appendices - POLES Data - POLES References - POLES
Corresponding documentation
AIM-Hub BLUES C3IAM DNE21+ GCAM GEM-E3 GRACE IFs IMACLIM IMAGE MESSAGE-GLOBIOM POLES PROMETHEUS REMIND-MAgPIE TIAM-UCL WITCH
Previous versions
Archive of POLES version ADVANCE
Model information
Model link	http://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/poles https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/poles-jrc-model-documentation-0
Institution	JRC - Joint Research Centre - European Commission (EC-JRC), Belgium, http://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/.
Solution concept	Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
Solution method	SimulationRecursive simulation
Anticipation	Myopic

The POLES model is used to simulate:

• GHG policies
  • Country/region objective: Implementation of carbon (or CO2eq) pricing (iterative calibration)
  • Cumulated GHG/CO2 buget: Regional differentiation of constraint and carbon pricing permitting to reduce emissions within budget (iterative calibration)
  • Carbon leakage (limited)
• Energy taxation policies
  • GHG-related pricing policies (carbon pricing)
  • other environmental taxes (e.g. introduction of environmental damage tax on non-conventional fuels production)
  • fossil fuel subsidies (possibility to phase out)
  • introduction of renewable fuels subsidy
• Support policies for specific technologies
  • Electricity generation feed-in tariffs
  • Low interest loans or subsidies to capital cost in purchase of energy consuming equipment
  • Acceleration of the penetration emerging vehicle technologies
  • Modal shifts in passenger transport
• Efficiency standards
  • fuel efficiency standards in vehicles
  • penetration of low-energy consuming buildings
• Openness to investment
  • Reactivity to prices on exploration and production in oil and gas producing regions
  • Discount rates in investment
  • National preference in the sourcing of fossil fuels or national resource management in domestic fossil fuels production

Policies included are updated regularly to reflect the current state of affairs at country and sector level. See for example the list of policies in the GECO 2016 scenarios.

The model has been used extensively to study climate mitigation scenarios:

• It has specifically been used to inform UNFCCC international negotiations, looking at global and regional climate mitigation scenarios and assessing the economic costs (and, in tandem with other models, the economic impacts) of the transition to a low-carbon economy: with relation to the Kyoto Protocol and beyondEC-JRC 2007russ2007po, in the negotiations around the COPs in Copenhagen and DohaEC-JRC 2005EC-JRC 2009riahi2015lo and more recently on the Paris AgreementEC-JRC 2015vandyck2016a.

• It has been used in several global climate policy modelling exercisescriqui2006imvuuren2010birafaj2012comarkandya2014lokriegler2015ma, as well as studies on the national/regional level (Europestankeviciute2008encriqui2012eu, Mexicoveysey2016pa, ...).

• Additionally, using MACCs from the model, it is possible to study regional emissions trading schemes and participation schemes in wider global regimescriqui1999mastankeviciute2008thruss2009in.

• It is being used by the European Commission in its Global Energy and Climate Outlook publications.