Electricity - REMIND-MAgPIE
Corresponding documentation | |
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Previous versions | |
Model information | |
Model link | |
Institution | Potsdam Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (PIK), Germany, https://www.pik-potsdam.de. |
Solution concept | General equilibrium (closed economy)MAgPIE: partial equilibrium model of the agricultural sector; |
Solution method | OptimizationMAgPIE: cost minimization; |
Anticipation |
Around twenty electricity generation technologies are represented in REMIND, see <xr id="tab:REMIND_electricity_technologies"/>, with several low-carbon (CCS) and zero carbon options (nuclear and renewables).
Table 1. Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity (Note: † indicates that technologies can be combined with CCS). <figtable id="tab:REMIND_electricity_technologies">
Energy Carrier | Technology |
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Primary exhaustible resource | |
Coal |
|
Oil |
|
Gas |
|
Uranium |
|
Primary renewable resource | |
Solar |
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Wind |
|
Hydropower |
|
Biomass |
|
Geothermal |
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Secondary energy type | |
Hydrogen |
|
</figtable>
<figure id="fig:REMINDtable_4"> </figure>
Table 2. Techno-economic characteristics of technologies based on exhaustible energy sources and biomass [1]; [2]; [3]; [4]; [5]; [6]; [7]; [8]; [9]; [10]; [11]; [12]; [13].
<figtable id="tab:REMINDtable_5"> </figtable>
Abbreviations: PC - pulverized coal, IGCC - integrated coal gasification combined cycle, CHP - coal combined heat and power plant, C2H2 - coal to hydrogen, C2L - coal to liquids, C2G - coal gasification, NGT - natural gas turbine, NGCC - natural gas combined cycle, SMR - steam methane reforming, BIGCC – Biomass IGCC, BioCHP – biomass combined heat and power, B2H2 – biomass to hydrogen, B2L – biomass to liquids, B2G – biogas, TNR - thermo-nuclear reactor; * for joint production processes; § nuclear reactors with thermal efficiency of 33%; # technologies with exogenously improving efficiencies. 2005 values are represented by the lower end of the range. Long-term efficiencies (reached after 2045) are represented by high-end ranges.
For variable renewable energies, we implemented two parameterized cost markup functions for storage and long-distance transmission grids - see Section Grid and Infrastructure. To represent the general need for flexibility even in a thermal power system, we included a further flexibility constraint based on Sullivan [14].
The techno-economic parameters of power technologies used in the model are given in <xr id="tab:REMINDtable_5"/> for fuel-based technologies and <xr id="tab:REMINDtable_6"/> for non-biomass renewables. For wind, solar and hydro, capacity factors depend on grades, see Section Non-biomass renewables.
Table 3. Techno-economic characteristics of technologies based on non-biomass renewable energy sources [15]; [16]; [17]; [18]; [19].
<figtable id="tab:REMINDtable_6"> </figtable>
- ↑ Iwasaki 2003
- ↑ Hamelinck 2004
- ↑ Bauer 2005
- ↑ Ansolabehere et al. 2007
- ↑ Gül et al. 2007
- ↑ Ragettli 2007
- ↑ Schulz 2007
- ↑ Uddin and Barreto 2007
- ↑ Rubin et al. 2007
- ↑ Takeshita and Yamaji 2008
- ↑ Brown et al. 2009
- ↑ Klimantos et al. 2009
- ↑ Chen and Rubin 2009
- ↑ Sullivan et al. (2013)
- ↑ Neij et al. 2003
- ↑ Nitsch et al. 2004
- ↑ IEA 2007a
- ↑ Junginger et al. 2008
- ↑ Pietzcker et al. 2014