Spatial dimension - POLES

Model Documentation - POLES
Model scope and methods - POLES Model concept, solver and details - POLES Temporal dimension - POLES Spatial dimension - POLES Policy - POLES Socio-economic drivers - POLES Population - POLES Economic activity - POLES Macro-economy - POLES Production system and representation of economic sectors - POLES Energy - POLES Energy resource endowments - POLES Fossil energy resources - POLES Uranium and other fissile resources - POLES Bioenergy - POLES Non-biomass renewables - POLES Energy conversion - POLES Electricity - POLES Heat - POLES Gaseous fuels - POLES Liquid fuels - POLES Solid fuels - POLES Grid, pipelines and other infrastructure - POLES Energy end-use - POLES Transport - POLES Residential and commercial sectors - POLES Industrial sector - POLES Other end-use - POLES Energy demand - POLES Technological change in energy - POLES Land-use - POLES Emissions - POLES Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options - POLES Climate - POLES Non-climate sustainability dimension - POLES Appendices - POLES Data - POLES References - POLES
Corresponding documentation
AIM-Hub BLUES C3IAM COFFEE-TEA DNE21+ GCAM GEM-E3 GRACE IFs IMACLIM IMAGE MESSAGE-GLOBIOM POLES PROMETHEUS REMIND-MAgPIE TIAM-UCL WITCH
Previous versions
Archive of POLES version ADVANCE
Model information
Model link	http://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/poles https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/poles-jrc-model-documentation-0
Institution	JRC - Joint Research Centre - European Commission (EC-JRC), Belgium, http://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/.
Solution concept	Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
Solution method	SimulationRecursive simulation
Anticipation	Myopic

Energy and emissions balances

The geographical representation is based on the importance of countries in energy consumption and GHG emissions. POLES describes full energy and emissions balances for 57 geographical units: 45 individual countries and 12 residual regions covering the World. Countries include all OECD (1990) countries and large non-OECD countries. All EU28 Member States and nearly all G20 countries are thus explicitly represented. The 45 individual countries are the following:

• EU28 Member States
• Norway
• Switzerland
• Iceland
• Turkey
• Russia
• Ukraine
• Canada
• USA
• Mexico
• Brazil
• Japan
• South Korea
• China
• India
• Indonesia
• Egypt
• South Africa

Additional individual countries are present in more recent versions of the model (Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam).

<figure id="fig:POLES_2">

POLES - the World in 57 energy balances

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Land use and renewable energies potentials (wind, solar, biomass) follow the geographical representation of the energy balances.

The international air and maritime bunkers are represented separately.

Energy demand at World level, and related emissions, is then the sum of all regions and bunkers.

Fossil fuels supply

The fossil fuels supply side is more detailed, with all important producing countries being represented allowing a very precise description of the supply side and a good understanding of the related issues at stake.

Oil and gas productions are described for 80 producers.

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POLES - 80 oil and gas producers

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Coal production distinguishes 74 producers, including an infra-national disaggregation for large producers (USA, China, Australia, India).

Trade

Producing regions and consuming regions are linked through energy markets.

• Oil producers supply a single world "pool" market
• Large gas producers export towards 14 regional consuming markets; small gas producers only supply domestic consumption
• Large coal producers export towards 15 regional consuming markets; small coal producers only supply domestic consumption
• Solid or liquid biofuels producers export towards a single world "pool" market
• A single world production of uranium is modelled