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Emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants are major contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, acidification, eutrophication, urban air pollution and water pollution. These emissions stem from anthropogenic and natural sources. Anthropogenic sources include energy production and consumption, industrial processes, agriculture and land-use change, while natural sources include wetlands, oceans and unmanaged land. Better understanding the drivers of these emissions and the impact of abatement measures is needed in developing policy interventions to reduce long-term environmental impacts. On this page the general approaches to projecting emissions in the IMAGE framework are described. More details on emissions from energy use and production, industrial process related emissions and from land use and land change can be found on the [[GHGs_-_IMAGE|GHG page]]
Emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants are major contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, acidification, eutrophication, urban air pollution and water pollution. These emissions stem from anthropogenic and natural sources. Anthropogenic sources include energy production and consumption, industrial processes, agriculture and land-use change, while natural sources include wetlands, oceans and unmanaged land. Better understanding the drivers of these emissions and the impact of abatement measures is needed in developing policy interventions to reduce long-term environmental impacts. On this page the general approaches to projecting emissions in the IMAGE framework are described. More details on emissions from energy use and production, industrial process and from land use related emissions can be found on the [[GHGs_-_IMAGE|GHG page]]


===General approaches===
===General approaches===

Revision as of 13:14, 12 January 2017

Model Documentation - IMAGE

Corresponding documentation
Previous versions
Model information
Model link
Institution PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Netherlands, https://www.pbl.nl/en.
Solution concept Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
Solution method Simulation
Anticipation Simulation modelling framework, without foresight. However, a simplified version of the energy/climate part of the model (called FAIR) can be run prior to running the framework to obtain data for climate policy simulations.

Emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants are major contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, acidification, eutrophication, urban air pollution and water pollution. These emissions stem from anthropogenic and natural sources. Anthropogenic sources include energy production and consumption, industrial processes, agriculture and land-use change, while natural sources include wetlands, oceans and unmanaged land. Better understanding the drivers of these emissions and the impact of abatement measures is needed in developing policy interventions to reduce long-term environmental impacts. On this page the general approaches to projecting emissions in the IMAGE framework are described. More details on emissions from energy use and production, industrial process and from land use related emissions can be found on the GHG page

General approaches

Air pollution and GHG emission sources included in IMAGE are listed in <xr id="tab:emission"/>. In approach and spatial detail, gaseous emissions are represented in IMAGE in four ways:

1) World number (W)

The simplest way to estimate emissions in IMAGE is to use global estimates from the literature. This approach is used for natural sources that cannot be modelled explicitly.

2) Emission factor (EF)

Past and future developments in anthropogenic emissions are estimated on the basis of projected changes in activity and emissions per unit of activity. The equation for this emission factor approach is:

where:

  • Emission is the emission of the specific gas or aerosol
  • Activity is the energy input or agricultural activity
  • r is the index for region
  • i is the index for further specification (sector, energy carrier)
  • EF-base is the emission factor in the baseline
  • and AF is the abatement factor (reduction in the baseline emission factor as a result of climate policy).

The emission factors are time-dependent, representing changes in technology and air pollution control and climate mitigation policies. The emission factor is used to calculate energy and industry emissions, and agriculture, waste and land-use related emissions. Following the equation, there is a direct relationship between level of economic activity and emission level. Shifts in economic activity (e.g., use of natural gas instead of coal) may influence total emissions. Finally, emissions can change as a result of changes in emission factors (EF) and climate policy (AF).

3) Gridded emission factor with spatial distribution (GEF)

GEF is a special case of the EF method, where the activity is grid-specific, resulting in grid-specific emissions. This is done for a number of sources, such as emissions from livestock.

4) Gridded model (GM)

Land-use related emissions of NH3, N2O and NO are calculated with grid-specific models. The models included in IMAGE are simple regression models that generate an emission factor. For comparison with other models, IMAGE also includes the N2O methodology generally proposed by IPCC IMG_IPCC_2006.


<figtable id="tab:emission">

Atmospheric emissions calculated in IMAGE, by source and by method applied
Source Activity CO2 CH4 N2O SO2 NOx CO NMVOC F-gases BC OC NH3
a). Energy related
End-use energy use (industry, transport, residential, services and other) Energy consumption rates EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF
Energy sector (production of power, hydrogen, coal, oil, gas, bioenergy) Energy prodcution rates EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF
Energy transport Energy transport rates EF
Other energy conversion Energy conversion rates EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF
b). Industry related
Emissions from industrial process Industry value added (IVA) EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF EF
Cement and Steel Regional production EF
c). Agriculture-, waste-, and land-use related
Enteric fermentation, cattle Feed type and amount GMa
Animal water, all animal categories Number of animals GEF GEF GEF GEFb
Enteric fermentation, cattle Feed type and amount GMa
Landfills Population GEF
Enteric fermentation, cattle Feed type and amount GMa
Deforestation Carbon burnt GM GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF
Agriculture waste burning Carbon burnt GM GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF
Traditional biomass burning Carbon burnt GM GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF
Savannah burning Carbon burnt GM GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF GEF
Domestic sewage treatment Population, GDP GEF GEF
Wetland rice field Area wetland rice GEF
Crops N fertiliser and manure input, croptype GM GM GM
Managed grassland N fertiliser and manure input GM GM GM
Indirect emissions N crops, fertiliser and manure input GM
Land-use change Clearing forest areas GM
d). Natural sources
Soils under natural vegetation Net primary production GM GM GEF
Natural vegetation N/A W W
Wildfires N/A W W
Oceans N/A W W W W
Natural wetlands N/A W
Termites N/A W
Wild animals N/A W
Methane hydrates N/A W
Volcanoes N/A W W
Lightning N/A W W

</figtable> Activity describes the activity level to which the emission factor is applies, or, if only GM method occurs, the main determinant for the gridded model.

Methods:

  • W=Global emission
  • EF=Regional emission factor applied to the specified activity level
  • GEF=Grid-specific emission calculated from gridded activity level and (regional) emission factor
  • GM= Gridded, model-based emission (statistical or process-based model).

Footnotes:

a GM for dairy and non-dairy cattle, EF for other animal categories.

b EF for NH3 emissions from animal houses, manure storage and grazing livestock;GM for NH3 emissions from manure spreading.

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